How to use Google Sheets: A Beginner’s Guide

This Google Sheets tutorial will help take you from an absolute beginner, or basic user, through to a confident, competent, intermediate-level user.

Google Sheets is a hugely powerful tool, for everything from digital marketing to finance modeling, from project management to statistical analysis, in fact, just about any activity involving the recording and analysis of data.

And if you’re (relatively) new, it really pays dividends to learn how to use Google Sheets correctly. This tutorial will help you transition from newbie to ninja in short order!

If you’re new to Google Sheets, then I recommend you start from the beginning of this article.

However, if you’ve used Sheets before, feel free to skip sections 1 and 2, and begin with the Data and basic formulas section.

A template is available for copying to your Drive, to accompany this tutorial:

Want a copy of the template from this tutorial?
Click here to create your own copy >>

In addition, various advanced resources are listed for you to take things a step further. Look for this logo: Advanced Resource

Contents

  1. How to use Google Sheets: Total Beginner
    • What is Google Sheets?
    • How is it different to Excel?
    • How to create your first Google Sheet
    • The Google Sheets editing window
    • Working with data in Google Sheets

     

  2. How to use Google Sheets: The editing window
    • Editing columns and rows
    • Creating new tabs
    • Formatting
    • Removing formatting

     

  3. How to use Google Sheets: Data and basic formulas
    • Different types of data
    • Doing math on numbers
    • Starter functions: COUNT, SUM, AVERAGE
    • Splitting data in cells
    • Combining data in cells

     

  4. How to use Google Sheets: Killer features
    • Adding comments and notes
    • Sharing your Sheet
    • Real-time Collaboration

     

  5. How to use Google Sheets: Intermediate techniques
    • Freezing panes for easy viewing
    • Understanding cell references
    • Basic conditional formatting
    • Sorting & filtering data
    • Adding Charts
    • Using the Explore feature
    • BONUS: The VLOOKUP function

     

  6. How to use Google Sheets: Next steps

 

How to use Google Sheets1. How to use Google Sheets

What is Google Sheets?

Google Sheets is a free, cloud-based spreadsheet application. That means you open it in your browser window like a regular webpage, but you have all the functionality of a full spreadsheet application for doing powerful data analysis. It really is the best of both worlds.

How is it different to Excel?

No doubt you’ve heard of Microsoft Excel, the long-established heavyweight of the spreadsheet world. It’s an incredibly powerful, versatile piece of software, used by approximately 750 million – 1 billion people worldwide. So yeah, a tough act to follow.

Google Sheets is similar in many ways, but also distinctly different in other areas. It has (mostly) the same set of functions and tools for working with data. In fact, some people mistakenly call it “Google Excel” or “Google spreadsheets.”

With the risk of getting into an opinionated debate about the strengths/weaknesses of each platform, here are a few key differences:

  • Google Sheets is cloud-based whereas Excel is a desktop program. With Sheets, you’ll no longer have versions of your work floating around. Everyone always sees the same, most up-to-date version of Sheets, showing the same spreadsheet data.
  • Collaboration is baked into Sheets, so it works extremely well. Excel is still trying to play catch up here.
  • Both have charting tools and Pivot Table tools for data analysis, although Excel’s are more powerful in both cases.
  • Excel can handle much bigger datasets than Sheets, which has a limit of 10 million cells.
  • Being a cloud-based program, Google Sheets integrates really well with other online Google services and third-party sites.
  • Both have scripting languages to extend their functionality and build custom tools. Google Sheets uses Apps Script (a variant of Javascript) and Excel uses VBA.

For the material we’ll cover in this article, there’s very little difference between the programs, however.

For a deep-dive into the differences between Excel and Google Sheets, have a look at ExcelToSheets.com

Why use Google Sheets?

How’s this for starters:

  • It’s free!
  • It’s collaborative, so teams can all see and work with the same spreadsheet in real-time.
  • It has enough features to do complex analysis, but…
  • …it’s also really easy to use.

Need more convincing? Here are 5 more reasons from Google themselves.

Can it still do advanced stuff?

Absolutely! You can build dashboards, write formulas that make your head spin and even build applications to automate your job. The sky’s the limit!

You’ll find lots of resources on this site for intermediate/advanced level users, as well as comprehensive online training courses.

Ok, where do I get it? How to create your first Google Sheet

If this is your first time with Sheets, head over to the Google Sheets homepage:

Google Sheets Home

Click on the Go To Google Sheets button in the middle of the screen. You’ll be prompted to login:

How to use Google Sheets: Login screen

And then you arrive at the Google Sheets home screen, which will show any previous spreadsheets you’ve created.

Click the huge green plus button to create a new Google Sheet:

How to use Google Sheets: Google Sheets home screen

Opening your first Google Sheet from Drive

You can create new Google Sheets from your Drive folder by clicking on the blue NEW button:

Create a Google Sheet from Drive

When you create a new Google Sheet, it’ll be created in your main Drive folder (your root folder):

New Google Sheet in Drive folder

(Note: Don’t panic if you don’t see the Sheet yet, it may not show up until you’ve renamed it. See next step on how to do this.)

Here you can drag it to a different folder if you wish (to keep things organized). Do this by clicking-and-holding the file, and dragging to where you want it to go:

Moving Google Sheet in Drive

The Google Sheet editing window

This is what your blank Google Sheet will look like:

Blank Google Sheet

You can rename your Sheet in the top left corner. Click on where it says Untitled spreadsheet and type in whatever name you want to give your Sheet, in this example “New Sheet”.

So let’s introduce some key terminology and the fundamental concept upon which spreadsheets work:

How to use Google Sheets: terminology

There are two menu rows above your Sheet, of which we’ll see more further on in this tutorial.

The main window consists of a grid of cells. An individual cell is a single rectangle, at the intersection of one column and one row, and it’ll hold a single piece of data.

The columns are vertical ranges of cells, labeled by letters running across the top of the Sheet.

Rows are horizontal ranges of cells, labeled by numbers running down the left side of your Sheet.

In the example above, I highlighted column E and row 10.

** The fundamental concept of spreadsheets: **

Column E and row 10 intersect at one cell, and one cell only. Thus we can combine the column letter and row number to create a unique reference to this cell, E10. Now when we want to refer to this cell, for example to access data in this cell, we use the address E10 to do that.

Understand this and you understand spreadsheets. The rest is just details!

Entering, selecting, deleting and moving data

Now the fun really starts! Let’s start using this new blank sheet we’ve created.

Click cell A1 (that’s the intersection of column A with row 1, the cell in the top left corner of the Sheet) and you’ll see a blue box around the cell, to indicate it’s highlighted:

Cell A1

Then you can simply start typing and you’ll see the data being entered into that cell:

Cell A1 typing

Hit enter when you’ve finished entering data and you’ll move down to the next cell, having completed your data entry. If you hit the Tab key instead, you’ll move across one cell to the right!

It’s worth pointing out an important nuance here:

Clicking ONCE on the cell highlights the whole cell. Clicking TWICE enters into the cell, so you can select or work with the data only.

If you find yourself stuck inside a cell, you can press the ESCAPE key to deselect the contents and go up a level, to just having the cell selected.

Try it for yourself and see how the cursor shows up inside the cell when you double-click, allowing you to edit the data.

To delete the data we just entered, either click the cell once and hit the delete key, or, click the cell twice and then press the delete key until all your data is cleared out.

Help! I made a mistake

First of all, don’t panic!

Google Sheets saves every step of your work so you can always go back a step (or two) if needed.

Press Cmd + Z if you’re on a Mac, or Ctrl + Z if you’re on a PC and you’ll undo your previous step. Keep pressing and you’ll simply go further back through your changes. (Pressing Cmd + Y on a Mac, or Ctrl + Y on a PC moves your forwards, to redo your last step.)

You can also undo using the Undo arrow on the menu:

Undo arrow

Creating a basic table

Right, with all that in mind, it’s time for a quick exercise.

See if you can create the following table for our fictitious gym membership site, by entering the data into the correct cells (there is no formatting or other tricks used at this stage):

Google Sheets raw table

Feel free to use your own data if you wish. Also note that the dates entered above are in US format, with the Month first, so don’t worry if your table has the Day first.

Want a copy of the template from this tutorial?
Click here to create your own copy >>

2. How to use Google Sheets: The working environment

Changing the size, inserting, deleting, hiding/unhiding of columns and rows

To select a row or column, click on the number (rows) or letter (columns) of the row or column you want to select. This will highlight the whole row or column blue, to indicate you have it selected.

To change the width of a column, or height of a row, hover your cursor over the grey line denoting the edge of the column or row, until your cursor changes to look like this:

Column width cursor

Then click and drag the cursor left or right to change the width of this column. It’s the same process to change the height of rows.

Pro-tip: To quickly change the column width to fit your cell contents, double-click when you’ve hovered over the grey line.

How to add columns in Google Sheets: To insert additional columns or rows, click on the existing column or row next to where you’d like to insert a new column or row. With the column or row selected (highlighted blue), right-click to bring up the options menu, then select Insert Before (or Insert After) for Columns, or Insert Above (or Insert Below) for Rows:

Editing rows and columns in Google Sheets

Adding extra rows and columns at end

If you reach the outer edges of a Google Sheet, you’ll notice the rows and/or columns stop. But don’t worry, you can add more.

If you’ve scrolled all the way to the bottom of your Sheet (or added that much data), you’ll notice that you’re given 1,000 rows by default. There’s a button to add more rows if you need, either 1,000 as shown, or any number you wish (up to a limit, more on that below).

Add more rows

If you reach the right edge of the Sheet, i.e. the last column, then you add more columns in the standard way. Right-click a cell in the last column to bring up the menu and then choose to add a column to the right.

Pro-tip: If you want to add more than one column, there’s a trick to do it in one go. As an example, say you wanted to add three new columns to the right side of your Sheet, begin by highlighting the last three columns that are there already, then right-clicking and choosing to insert new columns. It’ll then insert three new columns for you!

Data Limit: Finally, keep in mind that each Google Sheet is limited to 10 million cells, which sounds like a lot but soon fills up. Anyway, you’ll find Sheets slows down considerably before reaching that limit. Most people report a slight slow down with tens of thousands of rows of data and complex formulas and models.

Adding/removing multiple sheets, renaming them

Super easy!

Click the big plus button in the bottom left of your Google Sheet to add a new Sheet (also called a Tab).

How to add a new tab

Why use multiple tabs within your Google Sheet?

Well, like a book with chapters on different topics, it can help separate different data and keep your Sheet organized.

For example, you might have a Sheet solely to record your global settings (any variables like name, email, tax rate, headcount…) and another for transactional data, and yet another for the analysis and charts.

The button with the three bars, next to the plus, is your index button, listing all of the tabs in your Google Sheet. This is super useful when you start having a lot of different tabs to manage.

To rename a sheet, or delete a sheet, click the small arrow next to the name (e.g. Sheet1) to bring up the menu. Here you’ll see the option to rename, to delete, or even hide (and unhide) Sheets.

Rename a Sheet in Google Sheets

For naming, I try to indicate what’s in that tab, so use names like Settings, Dashboard, Charts, Raw Data.

Formatting

You’ll find all of the formatting options on the top toolbar, so you can center your headings, make them bold, format numbers as currency etc. You may find them all on one single row, or you may find some under the More button, as shown in this image:

Google Sheets formatting

They’re similar to a word processor and pretty self-explanatory. You can always hit undo if you make a mistake (Cmd + Z on Mac, or Ctrl + Z on PC).

Try the following to format our basic table:

> Make the heading bold and size 14px
> Center the column headings and make them bold
> Center the tier column
> Change the date format to 01-Jan-2018 (Hint: the date format is found under the button that says 123.)
> Add a dollar sign, $, to the fee column
> Add a border around the whole table.

Here’s a GIF to guide you:

Formatting Google Sheets

(Note, you can also find the formatting options under the Format menu, between the Insert and Data menu options.)

Alternating colors

Let me show you the option to add alternating row colors (banding) to your tables.

Let’s apply it to our basic table, by highlighting the table and then from the menu:

Format > Alternating colors

as shown here:

Google Sheets alternating colors

Remember, a little bit of formatting goes a long way. If you Sheet is more readable and tidy, people will be more likely to understand it and absorb the information.

Removing formatting

This is my number 1 productivity tip in Google Sheets.

To remove all formatting from a cell (or range of cells), hit Cmd + \ on a Mac or Ctrl + \ on a PC.

This will save you so much time when you’re wanting to remove formatting that isn’t yours or that you no longer want or need.

Advanced Resource: Read more on formatting

Want a copy of the template from this tutorial?
Click here to create your own copy >>

3. How to use Google Sheets: Data and basic formulas

Different types of data

You’ve already seen different data types in Google Sheets in our basic table.

The key point to understand with spreadsheet data is that each cell contains the data itself, and a format applied to that data.

For example, suppose a cell contained:

2, or
2.00, or
$2, or
$2.00

In each case the underlying data is the number 2, but with a different format applied each time. If we add 2 to each of these cells we get back the number 4 in every case (with formatting applied).

How to use Google Sheets: Basic data types
Basic data types in Google Sheets

You’ll notice that currency data, percentage data and even dates are actually just numbers under the hood (dates? Really? Yes, they are, but that’s a discussion for another day). They’re all right-aligned, hanging out on the right edge of their cell.

Text is left-aligned by default.

If you want to force something to be stored as text, you can prepend a single quote, ' before the cell contents. So typing in '0123 will show as 0123 in your cell and be left-aligned. If you omit the single quote mark, then it’ll be stored as a number and show up as 123 without the 0.

Doing math on numbers

Easy-peasy, just like you do on a calculator.

You click the cell you want to do your calculation in, type an equals sign (=) to indicate you’re performing a calculation and then type in your formula, e.g.

Google Sheets calculation

Notice how calculation will show in the formula bar (1) as well as in the cell (2).

You’ll notice that you get a preview of the answer (in this case, 25) above the formula.

Starting with functions: COUNT, SUM, AVERAGE

Technically you’ve already written your first formula in the section above on math calculations, but really, your formula career begins when you start using the built-in functions (of which there are hundreds!).

Returning to our basic table, let’s count how many members we have, what the total monthly fees are and what the average monthly fees are.

COUNT

Click on cell B8, type an equals (=) and then start typing the word COUNT. You’ll notice an auto-complete menu comes up showing all of the functions beginning with C, like this:

Formula auto-complete

You can either keep typing COUNT in full, or find it and select in from the list (hover over it and click on it OR hit enter OR hit tab).

Next you’ll see the formula helper window show up, which tells you about the formula syntax and how to fill it in correctly:

How to use Google Sheets formula helper

In this case, the COUNT function is expecting a list of numeric values.

You have to select the range of cells you want to count. So click on B4, hold you mouse down and drag down to B7, so that the four cells are highlighted in orange and B4:B7 is showing up in your function:

Then, close the function with a closing bracket “)”:

=COUNT(B4:B7)

Note: COUNT is used to count numbers. If you want to count text (for example the names) then COUNT won’t work (it’ll give you a 0). Instead use COUNTA (with an A at the end), otherwise the method is the same.

SUM

Your turn! Try creating a total for the membership fees in cell D8. Follow the same process as the count function, except use SUM and highlight the values in column D.

=SUM(D4:D7)

AVERAGE

You’re on a roll, so go ahead and calculate the average of the membership fees. Use the AVERAGE function in cell D9.

=AVERAGE(D4:D7)

Psst, you’ll notice that Google even helps you out sometimes and suggests the exact formula you were after:

Google Sheets average

Here you go:

Google Sheets sum and average

If you make a mistake with your formula, you’ll see an errors message, probably something like #N/A, #REF!, #DIV/0 etc.

You’ll need to re-enter your formula and correct it before proceeding. These error messages do give a lot of context though, so they’re worth understanding.

Advanced Resource: Learn more about formula errors

What’s the difference between a function and a formula?

Well, both are used interchangeably and rather loosely so I wouldn’t get hung up on it.

For the pedantic, a function refers to the single method word (e.g. SUM) whereas a formula refers to the whole operation after the equals sign, often consisting of multiple functions.

Separating data with the Text to columns feature

Let’s suppose you wanted First Name and Last Name, rather than just simply Name as we have in our dead famous authors membership table. How do we go about doing that?

Well of course, as with everything in spreadsheets, there are lots of ways, but let me show you the easiest, using the Text to Columns feature.

Back to our basic table, create a new column to the right of Name before the Tier column, i.e. create a new, blank column B.

Highlight the four names and click:

Data > Split text to columns…

On the sub-menu that shows up choose SPACE and marvel at how Google Sheets separates the full name into a first and last name. Feel free to rename the columns First Name and Last Name too.

How to use google sheets split text

Combining cells

Oh, blast I hear you say! You meant to keep hold of that full Name column as well.

No problem, let’s learn how to combine text so we can rebuild it.

Insert a new blank column between B and C (between Last name and Tier) and call it Full Name, in cell C3.

Add this formula in cell C4:

= A4 & B4

That’s A4, Ampersand, B4.

What it does is combine the data in cell A4 with the data in cell B4 and output it in cell C4.

Hmm, but this gives an output like this:

CharlesDickens

That’s obviously not good enough! We need a space between the names!

Change the formula to this, by clicking right after the ampersand and adding double quote, space, double quote, ampersand:

= A4 & " " & B4

Here we’ve told Google Sheets to add a space into the mix, and the output now will be:

Charles Dickens

Voilà, that’s better!

Your formula is sitting pretty in cell C4, but how do you get it to work for the other rows?

Copy it!

You can either:
i) right-click, copy, move down to select the next cell, right click again, click paste, or
ii) Cmd + C (on Mac) or Ctrl + C (on PC), move down to select next cell, then Cmd + V (on Mac) or Ctrl + V (on PC), or
iii) drag the formula down by holding the little blue box at the bottom right corner of the blue highlighting around the original cell.

The neat thing is that as you copy this formula down, the cell references will change from row 4 to row 5, row 5 to row 6, etc., automatically! How cool is that!

(This is what’s known as relative references. More on that in section 5 below.)

Here’s a GIF to show this technique in action:

Google Sheets combine cells

Want a copy of the template from this tutorial?
Click here to create your own copy >>

4. How to use Google Sheets: Killer features

Let’s see some of the unique, powerful features that Google Sheets has, as a cloud-based piece of software.

Comments (and Notes)

Want to add some context to numbers in the cells of your Sheets, without having to add extra columns or mess up your formatting?

Add a comment to a cell!

You can tag people (via their email address) who you want to see the comment too. They can reply and mark it resolved once it’s been acted upon.

You can also add simple notes to cells as well if you wish.

Comments and Notes can also be deleted when not required anymore.

To add a comment to a cell, first select the cell, then right click to bring up the menu of options. Select “Insert comment” and then simply type in your comment.

To tag somebody in your comment, type the plus sign (+) and their name or email address (you’ll see auto-complete options from your contacts, so you shouldn’t have to type in the whole email address).

Google Sheets comments

You’ll notice a small orange triangle in the top right corner of the cell to indicate the comment. The comment will show up when you hover over this cell. If you click on the cell, it’ll also add orange shading to the cell background.

Comments can be edited, deleted, linked to, replied to and resolved (comment disappears from Sheet and is archived).

You can reach and control all the Comments in your Sheet from the big Comments button in the top right of the screen, next to the blue Share button.

(The first time you tag someone in a comment, you’ll be asked to share the Sheet with them. See more on this below.)

You can also add a note to cells in the same way (look for it in the menu next to Insert Comment). It’s like a pared down version of a comment, intended for your own reference.

Share your sheets

(If you just added a comment and tagged someone else, as shown above, then you may have already done this step!)

You can share your Google Sheets with other people. Since it’s on the cloud, they can access your Sheet and see the same, live Sheet that you’re in.

In other words if you make changes, they will show up automatically and in near real-time for everybody viewing the Sheet.

You can have multiple people viewing and working on the same Sheet.

Essentially you have three options to share you Sheet with:

  • View-only access, so that person can not change or comment on any data
  • Comment-only access, so that person can add comments but still not make any changes to the data in the Sheet
  • Editing access, so that person can make changes to the sheet (including comments)

The Sharing options are found by clicking on the big blue button in the top right corner, which will open up the Sharing settings:

Google Sheets sharing settings

You can grab the link (the URL) to the Sheet, choose the share setting (view/comment/edit) and then share that link with people you want to see the Sheet. (1)

Or, you can enter someone’s email address directly, choose the share setting (view/comment/edit) and then share the Sheet directly with the person. (2)

If you want to review the sharing settings or have even more control, click the Advanced options buttons. (3)

The Advanced sharing settings window:

Google Sheets sharing advanced settings

Here you can:

> Grab the sharing link (1)
> Review who has access (2)
> Change the access rights of anyone listed (3)
> Invite new people to access the Sheet (4)
> Change the advanced owner settings, to restrict who can control the sharing settings and specific view/comment rights (5)
> Confirm when you’re finished (6)

I’ve used the link from the sharing settings to share the template for this tutorial with you!

Real-time Collaboration

Ok, so you’ve shared your Sheet with someone. If they open it whilst you’re still working in the Sheet you’ll see their cursor show up on whatever cell (or range) they’ve selected. It’ll be a different color, for example green to your blue.

If they enter data or delete data you’ll see it happening in real-time!

Real time collaboration in Google Sheets

In this case my active cell is the blue-outlined cell. I see somebody else, denoted by the green-outlined cell, show up in this Sheet and enter data into a few cells before deleting it.

Magic!

Want a copy of the template from this tutorial?
Click here to create your own copy >>

5. How to use Google Sheets: Intermediate techniques

Freeze panes

This is one of the most useful tricks you can learn in Google Sheets, which is why I’m recommending you learn it today.

Sooner or later you’ll work with a table of data that continues beyond the area you see on the screen (right now for example, I can see as far as row 26, but it depends on your screen size and other factors).

When you scroll down to look at data further down in your table, you lose the column headings off the top of your screen, and therefore can’t see the context of your columns.

Of course, scrolling up and down to see what the column headings are makes no sense. It’s a sure path to spreadsheet errors and insanity!

Have a look at this data table showing the tallest buildings in the world, which extends below the bottom of what you can see on a single screen in Sheets. Scrolling results in the heading row disappearing, so you no longer know which columns are which:

Google Sheets scrolling insanity

What you need to do is freeze the heading rows.

Thankfully it’s super easy.

Click on the row number of the row with your column headings in (e.g. row 3), then from the menu choose:

View > Freeze > Up to current row (3)

Google Sheets Freeze panes

Now your headings will stay in place. Ah, that’s much better!

You can do the same with columns, if you wished to freeze names for example, so you can scroll horizontally across lots of columns of data.

Relative/Absolute references

This is arguably the hardest concept to grasp in this tutorial. If you understand it and can apply it, then you have a really good understanding of how spreadsheets work and you’re well on your way to being a skilled user.

Suppose you have some data in cell A1 and you enter the following formula into cell B1:

= A1

This formula will retrieve whatever data is in cell A1 and show it in cell B1.

Now copy the formula (Cmd + C on a Mac, or Ctrl + C on a PC) and paste it (Cmd + V on a Mac, or Ctrl + V on a PC) somewhere else on your Sheet, for example cell D5.

Nothing will show up in D5. In fact you may be wondering whether your copy-paste worked. Have a look in the formula bar and you should now see this however:

= C5

The formula is there, but it points to a different cell, not A1, so does not show the data from A1.

But it still points to the cell that is ONE TO THE LEFT AND ON THE SAME ROW as the original formula.

Ah ha! Eureka!

The formula copied perfectly, keeping the same structure, pointing to the cell on the left.

This amazing property is called a relative reference, meaning it’s in relation to the cell where the formula is (e.g. one to the left).

That’s why you can drag formulas down columns and they’ll change automatically to calculate with data from their row.

Got that?

Now then, if you want to fix your formula (for example so it always point to cell A1) then you’ll want to use what’s called Absolute Referencing.

We lock the cell reference in the formula, so Google Sheets knows to not move the reference when the formula is moved.

The syntax uses a dollar sign, $, in front of the column reference and in front of the row reference to lock them each respectively, like so:

= $A$1

Now, wherever you copy this formula, the output will always point to cell A1 and return you the data from cell A1.

Google Sheets Absolute and Relative references

Note, you can just lock the column or just lock the row reference, and leave the other part as a relative reference, but that is beyond the scope of this tutorial.

Working with formulas across sheets

Sticking with the topic of referencing other cells for the moment, how does one go about linking to data on a different Sheet?

Returning once again to our basic gym membership table for dead famous authors, in Sheet 1, let’s retrieve the table heading and print it out in Sheet 2 with this formula, entered into cell A1 on Sheet 2:

= Sheet1!A1

Note the exclamation point at the end of the reference to Sheet1, i.e. Sheet1!

Now let’s do a simple sum of data on Sheet 1, but show our answer on Sheet 2.

In cell A3 in Sheet 2, enter the following formula:

= SUM( Sheet1!F4:F7 )

This will return the sum of the range of cells F4 to F7 in Sheet 1 and print out the answer in Sheet 2.

Basic conditional formatting

Conditional formatting is a powerful technique to apply different formats (for example background shading) to cells based on some conditions.

Let’s see an example of conditional formatting, that is, formatting based on variable conditions.

For example, in a financial model, you might show positive asset growth with a green font color and a light green background, whilst negative growth might be shown with red lettering on a light red background. This gives extra context to your numbers, and pre-attentive attributes (the colors) help to convey the message more efficiently.

Taking the plain copy of the membership table (hit Cmd + Z on a Mac, or Ctrl + Z on a PC to go back if you need), highlight the final column of the membership fee, then from the menu:

Format > Conditional formatting

Here you can choose a rule, for example, values less than $100 and highlight them red:

How to use google sheets conditional formatting

Notice the range is shown (1), then a drop-down menu to choose a rule (2) and then the formatting option (3), which is default red in this case, although you can go completely custom if you choose.

The power of conditional formatting is to highlight data dynamically. The formatting is based on a rule, so if another value should drop below the threshold ($100 in this case), it will trigger the formatting rule and be highlighted red.

Advanced Resource: Conditional formatting to show % change

Sorting data

Sorting your data is a common request, for example to show transactions from highest revenue to lowest revenue, or customers with the greatest number to least number of purchases. Or to show suppliers in alphabetical order. You get the idea.

So let’s sort the dead famous authors gym membership table, from earliest members to most recent members, i.e. we’ll sort our table based on the date column.

Highlight the whole table, including the header row. Then from the menu:

Data > Sort range…

and be sure to check the “Data has header row” option. Then you can select the column you want to sort by, and sort option from A to Z, or Z to A.

Google Sheets sort range

This re-sorts the table, showing the earliest members first:

Google Sheets sorted table

Filtering data

The next step after sorting your data is to filter it to hide the stuff you don’t want to see. Then you can just look at the data that is relevant to the problem at hand.

Taking the world’s tallest buildings data again, let’s apply a filter to only show skyscrapers built before the 2000s.

Click somewhere inside the data table (click on a cell containing data in the table), and then add the filters from the menu:

Data > Filter

or by clicking this icon on the menu bar above your Sheet:

Google Sheets Filter

You’ll notice a light green shading applied to row and column headings of your filtered table, and also a green border around your table. Most importantly though, you’ll now have little green filter buttons in each of your heading cells.

To filter out all the buildings built in the year 2000 or after, click the little green triangle next to the column heading Built, to bring up the filter menu.

You’ll notice you can manually select or de-select items to show. Let’s create a rule this time though.

Under the “Filter by condition” section, choose “Less than” and enter 2000 into the value box:

Google Sheets filter

Hit OK.

Ta-da!

You’ll see a reduced table with just 9 results. The 9 skyscrapers built before the year 2000:

Google Sheets filtered table

To remove the filter, click the green triangle button again (now solid green) and under the “Filter by conditions” set the rule to “None”.

There’s also a native FILTER function, by which you can formulaically filter your data.

Advanced Resource: How to use the FILTER function

Adding Charts

As a final exercise with the tallest building data, let’s draw a chart to show the buildings built by year, so we can see the trend graphically.

First, let’s sort the table by the year Built column, from oldest to newest. We can do this using the sort function that is provided in the menu when you click on the green triangle (from the filter).

Then highlight this single column called Built and from the menu:

Insert > Chart

This creates a default chart in your window and opens the chart editing tool in a sidebar.

Here you can change your data range and chart type, as well as a multitude of chart custom formatting options (which are also generally accessible by clicking on the elements directly in the chart).

Add Chart To Google Sheets

A chart is an object in your Sheet now. Click it to select it, so it has a blue border around it. You can resize it and drag it to move it, just as you would with an image.

Using the Explore feature

The robots are coming!

Soon we won’t have to create complex formulas or charts ourselves. We’ll simply ask our Sheet to do it for us. Sound far-fetched?

Well, you can do that now! The future is here.

(Soon we won’t have to open Google Sheets at all, we’ll simply type, or more likely speak, our data questions into a dashboard console, and out will pop the answers, but I digress.)

Google Sheets has a feature called Explore, powered by Machine Learning/AI/Deep Learning/Neural Network sorcery, that will ingest your data, analyze it and show you some common answers (like the SUM, COUNTs etc. we’ve seen so far) and basic charts:

Google Sheets explore button

Let’s see an example, using the data about the world’s tallest buildings. Highlighting the column showing the years when each skyscraper was built and then clicking on the Explore button (bottom right corner) leads to these insights:

Google Sheets Explore insights

52 buildings in my set. The earliest tower on the list was built in 1931 (the venerable Empire State Building!) and the most recent was built in 2017. The average of all the years built is 2007.

Some interesting and useful data points, without having to do a lick of work!

I mentioned charts, so let’s see an example of that with the Height (ft) column. Google Sheets Explore creates a Histogram for us, showing the distribution of tower heights:

Google Sheets Explore chart insights

We also get this interesting and insightful summary:

“Ranges from 1,148 to 2,717, but 80% of values are less than or equal to 1,480.”

Wow! At a glance, we have the min and max heights, but more impressive, we know that 80% are under 1,480ft tall.

Not all of the “insights” are useful, and I don’t use this feature much myself yet, but it shows a glimpse of how we’ll all work with Sheets in the future.

If you’re still not worried about AI taking over your job (whether that’s data analysis work or something else) in the next 10 to 50 years, then have a read of this article.

BONUS: VLOOKUP

No “How to use Google Sheets” article would be complete without at least a quick look at the VLOOKUP function.

Why?

Because it’s the most famous function. Tell anyone you work with data and spreadsheets and they’ll immediately ask, “yes, but do you know how to do a VLOOKUP?”

It’s a good bellwether for spreadsheet competency, even though there are ultimately better ways to work with data. It’s also a relatively advanced formula compared to what we’ve seen so far, so if you can understand it, it bodes well.

What does it do then?

It’s used to search for a term and return information about that term from a different table.

Generally, it’s used when you have two tables that share some common attribute (e.g. a name, ID number, or email), but otherwise, store different information. Suppose you want to bring this information together though. Well, you can, and you link the information via that common attribute.

One table might have details an employee’s name and address, and the other table might have their name and work details like title and salary. You can use the VLOOKUP function to bring these bits of data together in a single table.

The syntax is as follows:

= VLOOKUP( search_term, table_to_search, column_number, FALSE )

In words: you select a search term that you search for in the first column of the search table. If you find it, you return a piece of information from the search table that relates to the search term (because it’s on the same row). The column number refers to which column of the search table you return the data from (1 being the column you searched in, so typically this number is 2 or greater).

Let’s see an example, by adding addresses to the dead famous authors’ gym membership table.

I’ve added a second table to Sheet 1, showing the addresses of our dead famous authors. What I’d like to do is add that data to the original gym table.

I want to do it efficiently with the VLOOKUP formula, rather than adding them manually. Not only is it much, much faster with larger tables (imagine ten thousand rows of data), but it’s also less error-prone.

The address table is in columns I and J, with the names in column I and addresses in column J.

So I’ll search for my author name in column I and return the address from column J, and print the output into whichever cell I created my formula in.

The formula is:

= VLOOKUP( C4, $I$3:$J$7, 2, FALSE )

And this is what’s happening:

Google Sheets VLOOKUP

I search for the name (1) in the search table (2) and return the data from column 2 of the search table (3).

I don’t expect you to understand all of this immediately (and there’s a lot more to this formula than what I’ve shown here), but if you try it out and persevere, you’ll get there and realize it’s actually not too difficult.

(The FALSE argument, the final piece of information in the VLOOKUP formula means you want to do an exact match. 99.9% of the time you use a VLOOKUP, you’ll want to use FALSE.)

Advanced Resource: Dynamic charts with VLOOKUP

Want a copy of the template from this tutorial?
Click here to create your own copy >>

6. Next steps

The old adage “Practice makes perfect” is as true for Google Sheets as anything else, so hop to it!

Keep up-to-date with new articles, course launches and exclusive offers, by signing up for my Google Sheets newsletter, and get my free Google Sheets ebook with 100 tips.

When you’re ready, check out the intermediate and advanced Google Sheets tutorials on this site.

Check out my Google Sheets Essentials course for beginners.

Check out my free Advanced Formulas 30 Day Challenge course.

If all else fails, ask for help on the Google Sheets forum.

Wow, that’s it for this Google Sheets tutorial! Happy spreadsheeting!


Looking for a Google Sheets expert to help with your next project? Schedule a consult today with a Ben-approved Google Sheets expert.

55 thoughts on “How to use Google Sheets: A Beginner’s Guide”

  1. A great overview of everything to get started in Google Sheets. I can highly recommend the “Advanced Formulas 30 Day Challenge”, it has a wealth of handy bits of info and all with short easy to understand videos.
    Thanks Ben!

    1. Hi, this is super, thank you. just one thing, I want to build a spreadsheet to place on a website and I want people to be able to add their amounts and the formula to work out the answer from their new info. Is this possible? any advice and help greatly appreciated. For this work have you thought of a donate button

  2. Must say, I have enjoyed Beginners Guide on Google Sheets. I would recommend this to all beginners. Very good overview and simple to follow.

    Thank you, Ben.

  3. Can I please sort by number? Our company only uses the order number or date? That would be lovely.

  4. Awesome Ben!
    Question: whats your recommendation to turn sophisticated data heavy sheets for teams, into apps?
    Basically what SmartSheet, Knack, etc currently do, would love to know if you have a blog/ recommendations on this?

  5. Great beginners guide! I’ve been learning by trial and error and this helps it all make sense! Thanks for sharing.

  6. My rows are so small I can’t figure out how to change. Took a screenshot example but I cannot paste it on here.

  7. Two GS for Excel people beginner’s tips. One I have a solution for, one not.
    1. There’s no ‘clear contents’ option in GS, that I know of. But backspace works to clear values from a selected range of cells.
    2. Excel has a ‘clear’ option for Autofilter. In GS, it’s not obvious. So if I have 20 columns autofiltered, and I want to show all data, there seems to be no way to know everything is showing without taking off the filter totally and then reapplying it, and checking to see all the columns are properly filtering.

  8. How do I delete the numbers on the side and letters on the top when I print my spreadsheet in GS?

  9. Can you tell me why emails entered in my google sheets are not always read as emails? I have entered several email addresses that work fine,and others do not work at all

  10. Have you ever thought about writing an e-book or guest
    authoring on other sites? I have a blog based upon on the same ideas you discuss
    and would love to have you share some stories/information. I know my
    viewers would enjoy your work. If you are
    even remotely interested, feel free to send me an email.

  11. I have a sheet I created in Excel and when I do it in sheets it won’t allow me to set parameters for pages the same way data overflows from one page to the next I’m using that sheet as a real estate agents price sheet there are many listings. No matter what I try the Mac program either sheets or pages will not allow me to format the pages correctly is that or is there a better program

  12. help me to
    Create a model consisting of the Dashboard in one worksheet and another worksheet in which you should input the data using both Absolute (named cells) and Relative Referencing
    a) The model should auto generate the RefNo. For each sale using the TEXT and ROW functions in Excel
    b) Using Data Validation, the model should allow the user selects the Institution from a dropdown list.
    c) Using Data Validation and If Statements, the model should allow the user selects the Product from a dropdown list and the corresponding unit price should be displayed. If no Product is selected, the value displayed under the Price should be “Select Product” to instruct the user to select the product.
    d) Using Data Validation, validate the quantity entered if the maximum quantity allowed per transaction by the model is 120 Litre
    e) Using icons sets, highlight the Quantities as follows
    i. A red cross (X) if the amount is between 5 to 10
    ii. An amber exclamation mark (!) if the amount is between 11 to 25
    iii. A green tick() for values the are great than 25
    f) The model should calculate both the Sales before and After Tax and include data bars showing the performance of the Sales Amounts.

    1. If you can send a starting file with the data table/s (dashboard and input) as you want them we can work on that sheet to achieve your requirements.
      To maintain privacy send a excel sheet that we can start with.
      I will do what I can

  13. I am trying to filter a spreadsheet, and I want to lose the rows/columns with blanks. How do I do this?

  14. Can how lock the cell when data is enter another can not change it. How can do this?

  15. Men!!!… that is amazing stuff on “GOOGLE SHEETS” i have ever seen.
    the way you teach all that things on every topic is awesome & also those links for some humans like me who are eagerly waiting to know each topic in deep,talking straight forward i want to know that are you also available for “GOOGLE DOCS” & “GOOGLE SLIDES” ??

  16. A great read for beginners and experienced pro’s alike, I have been using and developing on gsheets for YEARS and have never checked out a couple of these features like explore. Definitely doing that now 🙂

  17. This is 2 years behind, but can I ask how do I set up “special paste link” (from Excel i think) to connect cells from one google sheet file to another? I used to simply enter = and click on the cell of another google sheet file and its content shows up. Help?

  18. Is it possible to start sheets with less than 1000 rows and 26 columns? The way I use sheets, I am taking extensive time to highlight and delete 980 rows and 20ish columns.

  19. Is it possible to open up more than one tab at a time in the same worksheet and view them side by side?

  20. I am used to using n Excel spreadsheet to keep up to 35 golfers averages for 10 rounds, adding the latest score and keeping an average for handicap purposes. We golf 3 to 4 days per week and with Excel I just take the saved spreadsheet, use “save as” to make a new days sheet, make the changes and “save.” Then delete to previous titled spreadsheet. After the next day of golf, I “save as” and title the new sheet with that most resent day and delete the old one.
    How do I do this with Google Sheets? I see no “save” in the menu.

  21. Hi, I just made my first sheet; it’s an annual spending by months; so I finished the year of 2020 and now I want to continue with a new sheet for 2021. I copied the sheet and then renamed it, deleted the 2020 data, but it doesn’t add the cells like I had before. How do I get a new sheet with all the titles and the formulas and blank data cells?
    Thank you

  22. Is there a way to open a Google Sheet to a 50% zoom by default? I’m sharing a sheet with some folks and I need it to open at that value.

  23. How can we edit an editors name from end users perspective (under edit history)? The shared files I’m on at the moment only shows the admins name and everyone else editing the spreadsheet shows as “anonymous”. Help!
    I really want to keep track of who is making each edit for tracing purposes.
    Thank you

    1. That’s probably because the people who are editing aren’t logged in to their google account. If you look at the top right hand corner of the page, then you will see a list of all the people currently viewing the page. If they’re not logged in, it will say “Anonymous AnimalName”.
      If you want to REQUIRE people to be logged in in order to edit, then change your share settings to invite only. The downside to this is that you will have to either manually invite or approve a request to edit for every editor.

  24. I have been searching in many places but have only found one vague reference to a bug… Is there any way to keep a chart within the rows that you freeze? Regardless of how I have created my charts, once I freeze the rows, my charts move below the last frozen row. Sounds like this bug (if it is a bug?) has been known since at least 2019, just curious if there is a workaround? I have a need to keep the charts in view as the user scrolls down through and modifies the data and being able to keep the charts within the frozen rows will be very useful! Thank you!

    1. Hi Tom, unfortunately, there’s no way around this. I don’t think it’s a bug necessarily, I think it’s just the intended behavior.

  25. hi
    i want to know thatt-& sign stand for which

    in this query
    =QUERY(sheet2!B1:K,”Select * Where B='”&B2&”‘”)

  26. Hello,

    Just wanted to point out that the cell limit for a Google Sheets was changed to 10,000,000 either early Jan 2022 or late Dec 2021 from the previous change that was 5,000,000.

    James/mreighties 🙂

  27. Thank you so much Ben. You made it simple to learn more about google sheets. Is there a way to import or upload an excel sheet or its content unto a live sheet? i have so much work on an excel sheet that i will like to convert to live sheet so others can work on it in real-time. Thanks

  28. Hi Ben. Great review; I’m recommending it to some of my co-workers and reports.

    However, I’ve got one major point of difference with you, and that’s your inclusion of Vlookup(). IMO, Vlookup() is the most painful to use, overly complicated, fragile function that exists. It is easily made obsolete by using Filter().

    Filter() is intended to take a larger range of data and filter it into a smaller range. But it can easily be used to filter into a range of 1! Just set the conditions so that the criteria is the searchable row (what would be the left-most row in Vlookup()). It’s so much faster and easier. No counting columns. No ensuring that the row you are using to search is on the left. No breaking the formula if a new column gets inserted.

    Now you might say “What if the row you’re using to search has your criteria listed more than once?” The unique() or index() formulas can help you there.

    Anyway, I hope that you add a section about Filter(). I discovered it about a year ago, and it has (without exaggeration) changed my life. It deserves to be better understood and taught, IMO, especially to new users.

  29. Hi Ben
    A very helpful introduction thanks. I have a question though. I collect suggestions for future lecture topics and speakers for our local University of the Third Age (U3A). I want to collect this information from our members using Google Forms and save the responses to Sheets. I can keep limit most responses to short text such as email, name, topic key word but I also want to give respondents the chance for a long-form answer eg topic abstract. Will this produce problems in my spreadsheet and if so do you have any suggestions as to how I could better handle this? Many thanks, Jan

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